U.S. computer to the computer classification of materials in general using two classification criteria: According to the main circuit to points, the computer is divided into the first generation of vacuum tube computers, computers and other second-generation transistors ... ... this is actually the history of development of mainframe; by hardware sub-divided into supercomputer, mainframe, mid-sized machine, minicomputer, microcomputer, etc., this classification method is also old too old, because some of the performance of the server than in the past but also strong mainframe. In view of this, the above classifications and unreasonable, in the network is becoming increasingly popular today. We should re-examine the computer's classification criteria.
Reclassified according to age
1. Reclassified according to age
Reclassified according to age, you can put the computer is divided into:
(1) mainframe stage, the 20th century, 40-50 years, are the first generation of vacuum tube computers. Experienced a tube digital computer, transistor digital computers, integrated circuits, digital computers and large-scale integrated circuits the development process of digital computers, computer technology has gradually matured. ;
(2) Small Computer stages 60-70 during the 20th century, are of large host the first "narrow" and to meet the small and medium-sized units of information processing requirements, lower cost, the price may be accepted;
(3) micro-computer stage, the 20th century, 70-80 years, are of large mainframe second "narrow" and the United States in 1976 Apple was established in 1977 launched a AppleII on computer, great success. 1981 IBM launched IBM-PC, since then it has undergone a number of generations of evolution, the occupation of the personal computer market, making personal computers has been a great deal of popularity;
(4) client / server phase, the C / S stage. With the 1964 IBM and American Airlines established the first global on-line booking system, put the United States at the time of booking more than 2000 terminals using telephone lines to connect together, marking the computer into the client / server stage model is still widely used. In client / server network, servers are the core of the network, and client networks are the basis for the client to rely on the server to obtain the required network resources, while the server for the client must provide network resources. C / S structure are able to give full play to the advantages of client PC's processing capability, a lot of work on the client and then submitted to deal with servers, greatly reduces the pressure on server;
(5) Internet stage, also known as the Internet, Internet, Internet stage. That is, the Internet WAN, LAN and stand-alone communication protocol in accordance with certain of the international computer network. Internet began in 1969, are in the ARPA (the U.S. Department of Defense Research Projects Agency) under an agreement to develop the southwestern United States universities (UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles Campus), StanfordResearchInstitute (Stanford University Research Institute), UCSB ( University of California) and UniversityofUtah (University of Utah)) of the four major computer linking. Since then experienced a text to picture, and now voice, video and other stage, the bandwidth getting faster and faster growing function. The characteristics of the Internet are: global, mass sex, anonymous sex, interactive sex, growth, and flat, and real-time, multimedia, and addiction, sexual hubbub. The significance of the Internet should not be underestimated. It is a human into a solid step in the global village;
(6) Cloud Computing era, from 2008, Cloud Computing (Cloud Computing) concept of progressive pop up, it is becoming a popular and mass (Popular) terms. Cloud computing as "a revolutionary computing model", as it allows super-computing power via the Internet free flow became possible. Enterprises and individual users no longer need to purchase expensive hardware investment costs, is only required to purchase the lease through the Internet computing power, users only the functionality necessary for themselves to pay, while the elimination of traditional software in the hardware, software, the cost of professional skills. Cloud computing allows users from the technical and deployment on the complexity of the applications received. Cloud computing encompasses the development, architecture, load balancing and business models and so on, are the software industry in the future model. It is based on Web services to Internet-centric.
2. Why must it be so classified
According to this classification, you can more fully reflect the rapid development of information technology, not just the first generation of mainframe development stage. In fact, from the first generation of mainframe use of ultra-large-scale integrated circuits to the present, all the computers are used in almost all the ultra-large-scale integrated circuits. This classification, there was no requirement at all stages of the specific start time, because their development is not simply Tandem relationship, but parallel development. That is to say, which is not in the specific point in time, all the mainframe into a minicomputer, and Minicomputer also did not completely replace the mainframe, they are co-exist. But one thing must be noted, mainframe, mini-computers and high-grade micro-computer in the server field of the main job (the following should be mentioned).
Reclassified according to the hardware
In addition, there are the people classified by the size of the hardware, put the computer into a giant computer, large computers, medium-sized computers, mini computers, micro-computers. Some sounds reasonable, but this classification is defined in 1989, after 20 years of development, this classification clearly has become obsolete, because the majority of the 80's server has been eliminated, and now some of the server than then the function of large-scale computer still strong, but much smaller. Therefore, it is by someone the computer hardware to re-classification, divided into: servers, workstations, desktops, notebook computers, handheld devices five categories.
(1) server: server, called the English Server, refers specifically to certain high-performance computers, through the network, external provision of services. Compared to ordinary computer, the stability, security, performance, etc. are more demanding, so in the CPU, chipset, memory, disk systems, networks and general computer hardware is different. Servers are network nodes, storage, 80 percent deal with network data,Information, in the network play a decisive role. They are for the client computer provides a variety of services, high-performance computers, mainly reflected in its high-performance high-speed computing power, a long period of reliable operation, a strong external data handling capacity and so on. Server components and general computer similar, but also have the processor, hard disk, memory, system bus, but because it is a specific web application specifically designed, so server and PC in the treatment capacity, stability, reliability, security , scalability, manageability and so very different;
(2) workstations: workstations English called Workstation, is a personal computer and distributed network computing as the foundation, mainly for professional applications, with powerful data computing and graphics, image processing capabilities, to meet the engineering design, animation production, scientific research, software development, financial management, information services, simulation and other specialized areas of design and development of high-performance computers. It belongs to a high-end computer, the general has a larger screen display and large-capacity memory and hard drive, also has a strong information processing capabilities and high-performance graphics, image processing functions and networking functions;
(3) desktop: desktop, called the English Desktop, also known as desktop machines, for the now very popular micro-computer, the majority of people at home and companies are used in desktop machines. The performance desktop laptop relatively strong;
(4) Laptop: Laptop English called Notebook Computer (referred to as NB) or Laptop, also known as hand-held computer or laptop (Hong Kong and Taiwan are known as notebook computer), is a small, portable personal computers, typically 1-3 kilograms of weight. It is similar to desktop architecture, but with better portability: including liquid crystal displays, which the smaller, lighter weight. Laptop except the keyboard, it also provided touchpad (TouchPad), or touch points (Pointing Stick), to provide a better positioning and input capabilities. Laptop can be broadly divided into 4 categories: business type, fashion-based, multimedia applications, special purpose. Business-based laptop in general can be summed up as mobile and strong, long battery life, many commercial software; fashion-type appearance of the main fashion for women; multimedia application-oriented laptop has a stronger graphics, image processing and multimedia capabilities, in particular are playing capability, for the enjoyment of products. Moreover, many multimedia laptop has a relatively strong independent graphics and sound card (both support high-definition), and has a larger screen; special purpose laptop are serving professionals in the heat, cold, low pressure, war harsh environment such as the use of models, some of the more bulky, such as pre-Olympic Games in the "base camp of Mount Qomolangma ASUS IT Service Area" Asus laptop used;
(5) handheld devices: handheld device, called the English Handheld, type more, such as PDA, SmartPhone, Smart mobile phone, 3G mobile phone, Netbook, EeePC, etc., which is characterized by small size. As the 3G era, handheld devices will be given a greater development, and its function will become increasingly strong.
Change the truth are the same, with the changing times, some really need to abandon the concept, and some re-definition of the standard required. Today, we come to re-examine the classification of computer standards, will help us better understand the computer and the use of computers.
Property is a modern civil law system, a basic concept, but refers to the effect of property changes the legal relationship between the occurrence of property, change and destroy. Since the absolute and exclusive property and other basic characteristics of the transactions in the real world often occur during the actual status and the rights of the rights of publicity out of status inconsistency, so the effect of changes in property may often have a third party a certain extent. At this point the third man, if I do not know the real rights in the state of reasonable reliance on the appearance of power, then the third is known as bona fide third person, he has made legal terms of the objectives for transaction security laws should be protected, this point is reached by the modern civil community consensus. Real change is therefore the core issue of property rights legislation is one of the interests of bona fide third party protection is an important part of changing property.
This universal common in modern civil law protection of bona fide third types of theories and systems for the study, combined with the principle of civil law and property law knowledge, comprehensive use of literature, qualitative analysis and comparison of other methods, according to property changes The basic theory and civil law definition of bona fide third party based on changes in property rights protection from the bona fide third of the three basic system and theory, the collection of domestic related literature and the data were Systematic Analysis summary from the three basic system and theory and their connection to start, how to be more comprehensive and effective, objective and impartial third party in good faith to protect the interests of research, interpretation, and finally put forward their views on this issue. This paper discusses the following three parts:
The first section outlines the basic concepts of property changes and the definition of bona fide third person. This section is intended to provide a conceptual background for this article, through the property changes and related concepts such bona fide third presentation, and then changes in property rights in the protection of bona fide third party to analyze the importance and necessity for This article discusses the basis for future expansion.
The second part of the detailed changes in the modern civil law protection of property interests of bona fide third of the three existing theories and systems. This section will not because the theory of property rights, the principles of Public Credit and the Innocent described separately, to study these theories and systems as well as their definition and connotation of the third person in good faith on the protection of their reality effect.
According to the second part of the third part of the research results, theories and systems of the three comparative study, from the Innocent and the relationship between the principles of Public Credit and the Theory of Real Rights and controversial aspects of the reality of existence of their respective pros and cons of further proposed changes for the protection of property rights system of bona fide third choice of individual proposals.
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